The components of a complex system may themselves be complex systems. For example, an economy is made up of organisations, which are made up of people, which are made up of …

These are the phenomena that we study as complex systems: the convoluted exhibitions of the adaptive world — from cells to societies. Examples of these complex systems include cities, …

Complex systems are often referred to as “wholes that are more than the sum of their parts,” wholes whose behaviour cannot be understood without looking at the individual components …

Feb 17, 2010 · In a complex system, there are many variables, and they are strongly interdependent. This makes it difficult to know exactly which inputs contribute to an observed …

Jul 27, 2020 · This paper provides an introduction to complex systems science, demonstrating a few of its applications and its capacity to help us make more effective decisions in the complex …

This complex of unintuitive relationships between the micro and the macro makes these systems difficult to analyze, explain, and predict. Scientific progress in complex systems often requires …

Nov 10, 2025 · In everyday parlance a system, animate or inanimate, that is composed of many interacting components whose behavior or structure is difficult to understand is frequently …

May 30, 2023 · Here, I propose a definition of complex systems based on the conceptual clarifications made by Edgar Morin about the bidirectional non-separability of parts and whole …

Aug 8, 2025 · Unravel the intricate nature of complex systems. Discover their core properties, real-world examples, and why understanding them is crucial.

May 3, 2025 · Many real-world systems can be understood as complex systems, where critically important information resides in the relationships between the parts and not necessarily within …